ماکیاولیسم (Machiavellianism) چیست؟

Machiavellianism as a trope, or "popular discourse", in political history is a pejorative term for the supposed political philosophy of the Italian Renaissance diplomat Niccolò Machiavelli, "a negative caricature of Machiavellian ideology as godless, scheming and self-interested". Though in discussions of Machiavelli"s thought "Machiavellian" and "Machiavellianism" may be used in reasoned critiques, in general usage the terms more often occur in political polemic, suggesting an unprincipled lust for power, achieved through "subtle policie, cunning roguerie" (the earliest dictionary definition in English, from 1611), by the "Machiavel", an adherant of these principles. In this trope, as described by Isaiah Berlin, Machiavelli was regarded as "a man inspired by the Devil to lead good men to their doom, the great subverter, the teacher of evil, le docteur de la scélératesse, the inspirer of St. Bartholomew’s Eve, the original of Iago".

In particular English theatre saw a ""pseudo-Machiavellian" burlesque stage tradition. Its relation to Machiavelli"s political doctrine does not go much beyond its borrowing of the Florentine"s name." The English stage Machiavel is "a kind of person, not primarily an exponent of particular political views", "a character who promulgates a false facade of virtue covering over an interiority of malevolent power-seeking".

According to one recent scholar, "the sixteenth-century stage image of Machiavelli as a proponent of political deception of and power-for-power"s sake persists today, and for most readers the term "Machiavellian" still carries negative connotations associated with this conception of him".

In the 20th century this sense of the term[dubious – discuss], "the use of guile, deceit and opportunism in interpersonal relations", also became used in psychology, where the dark triad refers to the personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.